Steam Cleaning Methods for Restroom Cabins

Steam Cleaning Methods for Restroom Cabins

Frequency of Service: Factors to Consider

Essential Steam Cleaning Equipment for Portable Restrooms


Essential Steam Cleaning Equipment for Portable Restrooms


Gray water is disposed at licensed treatment facilities port-a-johns resource.

Maintaining portable restroom cabins requires specific steam cleaning equipment to ensure thorough sanitization and cleanliness. The foundation of any effective portable restroom cleaning operation starts with a professional-grade steam cleaner that can deliver high-temperature steam at sufficient pressure.


A commercial steam cleaning unit with adjustable pressure settings, typically ranging from 50 to 150 PSI, is essential for tackling different surfaces and stubborn stains. The unit should be capable of producing steam at temperatures above 180°F to effectively kill bacteria and other pathogens. Additionally, the steam cleaner should have a large water tank capacity to allow for extended cleaning sessions without frequent refills.


Other crucial equipment includes specialized attachments and tools. A long steam wand helps reach corners and elevated areas, while various nozzles enable cleaning of different surfaces and fixtures. Brush attachments are particularly useful for scrubbing stubborn areas, and detail nozzles help clean around hinges and seams.


Safety equipment is equally important. Workers need heavy-duty gloves, protective eyewear, and waterproof boots. A wet-dry vacuum system complements the steam cleaner by removing excess moisture and debris. Lastly, having a portable generator or reliable power source ensures uninterrupted cleaning operations at remote locations.


For optimal results, the equipment should be properly maintained and regularly serviced. This includes descaling the steam cleaner, replacing worn-out attachments, and keeping all components in good working order. With the right equipment and proper maintenance, portable restroom cleaning becomes more efficient and effective, ensuring a hygienic environment for users.

Pre-cleaning Inspection and Safety Protocols


Pre-cleaning Inspection and Safety Protocols for Restroom Cabin Steam Cleaning


Before diving into any steam cleaning task in restroom cabins, its crucial to perform a thorough inspection and follow proper safety protocols. This initial step isnt just about ticking boxes – its about ensuring both worker safety and cleaning effectiveness.


First, walk through the restroom cabin and check for any obvious hazards like exposed electrical outlets, damaged fixtures, or water leaks. Pay special attention to electrical connections since steam cleaning involves water, and we definitely dont want any nasty surprises. Its also important to ensure proper ventilation is available, as steam can create a humid environment rather quickly.


Take a moment to inspect your steam cleaning equipment too. Check all hoses for wear and tear, ensure pressure gauges are working correctly, and verify that safety features like automatic shut-offs are functioning properly. A malfunctioning steam cleaner can not only compromise cleaning results but could also pose serious safety risks.


Dont forget to gear up properly. Personal protective equipment isnt optional – its essential. This means wearing non-slip shoes, waterproof gloves, and eye protection. Some situations might even call for respiratory protection, especially when working with cleaning chemicals in combination with steam.


Finally, place "Cleaning in Progress" signs at all entry points. This simple step prevents accidents and gives you the space needed to work effectively. Remember, a few minutes spent on proper inspection and safety protocols can prevent hours of potential problems later.


This methodical approach might seem time-consuming, but its an investment in both safety and quality results. After all, effective steam cleaning starts with proper preparation.

Hot Steam Sanitization Techniques for Interior Surfaces


Hot steam sanitization techniques are a cornerstone in the realm of steam cleaning methods, particularly when it comes to maintaining the hygiene of restroom cabins. This method leverages the power of high-temperature steam to not only clean but also sanitize surfaces, ensuring a level of cleanliness that goes beyond what traditional cleaning methods can achieve.


The process begins with generating steam at temperatures that typically exceed 200 degrees Fahrenheit. This intense heat is crucial because it effectively kills bacteria, viruses, mold, and other pathogens that might reside on the surfaces within restroom cabins. When this hot steam comes into contact with these microorganisms, it causes their cellular structures to break down, rendering them harmless. Importantly, this method does not rely on chemicals, which makes it an environmentally friendly choice and reduces the risk of chemical residue left behind in these frequently used spaces.


Applying hot steam in restroom cabins involves directing the steam jet onto various surfaces like tiles, grout, toilet bowls, sinks, and even hard-to-reach corners where traditional cleaning tools might struggle. The high pressure of the steam helps to dislodge dirt and grime that have accumulated over time. As the steam condenses on cooler surfaces, it turns back into water which then carries away the loosened dirt along with any dead pathogens.


One of the advantages of using hot steam for sanitizing interior surfaces is its ability to penetrate porous materials like grout or unsealed tiles where bacteria often find refuge. This deep cleaning action ensures that even after visible cleanliness is achieved, the invisible threats are also dealt with efficiently. Furthermore, since no harsh chemicals are involved, theres less wear and tear on fixtures and fittings over time.


However, while hot steam sanitization is highly effective, it requires careful handling. The equipment must be operated by trained personnel who understand how to manage high temperatures safely to prevent burns or damage to sensitive materials like certain plastics or painted surfaces which might not withstand prolonged exposure to extreme heat.


In conclusion, hot steam sanitization stands out as an exemplary method for keeping restroom cabins clean and hygienic. Its ability to sanitize without chemicals aligns well with modern environmental concerns while providing a thorough clean that enhances user safety and comfort in public or private facilities alike. When implemented correctly within a regular maintenance schedule, this technique can significantly reduce health risks associated with poorly sanitized restrooms, ensuring a pleasant experience for all users.

Waste Tank Sterilization Process


The Waste Tank Sterilization Process within the broader context of steam cleaning methods for restroom cabins is a critical procedure aimed at ensuring high levels of hygiene and cleanliness in public restrooms. This process specifically targets the waste tanks, which are often overlooked yet are crucial in maintaining the overall sanitation of the facility.


Steam cleaning has become a preferred method due to its effectiveness in eliminating bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens without relying heavily on chemical disinfectants, which can be harsh on the environment and potentially harmful to users. When applied to waste tank sterilization, steam cleaning offers a deep clean that penetrates into the crevices where traditional cleaning might miss.


The process begins with preparing the waste tank by emptying it completely to ensure no residual waste interferes with the steams effectiveness. Once emptied, high-pressure steam is directed into the tank. The heat from the steam not only kills microorganisms but also helps in loosening any stubborn residues left inside. This is particularly important as waste tanks can accumulate layers of grime over time, which could harbor harmful microbes if not properly addressed.


In practice, operators use specialized equipment designed for industrial applications, ensuring that the steam reaches temperatures sufficient to kill off 99.9% of germs, typically around 175-200 degrees Fahrenheit. The duration of exposure is also key; usually, several minutes are necessary to ensure thorough sterilization.


After steaming, its common to rinse the tank with water to remove any loosened debris before allowing it to dry completely. This step helps prevent any mold growth post-cleaning due to moisture retention. Regular maintenance through this method not only keeps the restroom cabins clean but also extends the lifespan of the equipment by preventing corrosion and buildup.


In summary, integrating waste tank sterilization within steam cleaning protocols for restroom cabins enhances public health safety by providing a robust solution against microbial contamination. It reflects a commitment to eco-friendly practices while delivering superior cleanliness standards in environments where hygiene is paramount.

Exterior Cabinet and Door Steam Treatment


Exterior Cabinet and Door Steam Treatment


Steam cleaning the exterior surfaces of restroom cabin cabinets and doors is an essential maintenance practice that ensures both cleanliness and longevity of these fixtures. This method proves particularly effective because steam penetrates deep into surface pores and crevices that traditional cleaning methods might miss.


When applying steam treatment to cabinets and doors, technicians typically begin by pre-treating visible stains and heavy soil buildup. Using a commercial-grade steam cleaner set between 180-220 degrees Fahrenheit, they methodically work from top to bottom, allowing the pressurized steam to dissolve grime, kill bacteria, and sanitize surfaces simultaneously. The process is especially valuable for tackling hard-to-reach areas around handles, hinges, and decorative moldings.


The high-temperature steam not only cleans but also helps eliminate unpleasant odors that can become trapped in the porous surfaces of cabinet materials. For best results, operators should maintain a consistent distance of about 6-8 inches between the steam nozzle and the surface, moving slowly to ensure thorough coverage. After steam treatment, surfaces should be wiped down with a microfiber cloth to remove any loosened debris and prevent water spots from forming.


This cleaning method is particularly eco-friendly as it requires minimal chemical use while achieving hospital-grade sanitization. Regular steam treatment of exterior cabinets and doors helps maintain a professional appearance and extends the life of these fixtures in high-traffic restroom environments.

Deodorizing and Ventilation Methods


Deodorizing and Ventilation Methods in Restroom Cabin Steam Cleaning


Effective deodorizing and proper ventilation are crucial aspects of maintaining clean and fresh restroom cabins during steam cleaning operations. The combination of high-temperature steam with appropriate ventilation techniques not only eliminates unpleasant odors but also ensures a healthier environment for users.


When approaching deodorization, steam cleaning naturally helps eliminate bacteria and odor-causing organisms through its high-temperature action. However, supplementing this with enzyme-based deodorizers specifically designed for restroom facilities can provide longer-lasting freshness. These products work by breaking down organic matter at the molecular level, rather than just masking odors.


Proper ventilation during and after steam cleaning is equally important. Opening windows and doors when possible creates natural airflow, while portable fans can help circulate air and speed up drying time. Many modern restroom facilities are equipped with built-in ventilation systems, which should be running during the cleaning process to remove excess moisture and prevent mold growth.


For enclosed spaces without natural ventilation, using dehumidifiers alongside steam cleaning can help manage moisture levels effectively. This is particularly important in high-humidity environments where dampness can linger and create ideal conditions for bacterial growth.


A well-planned approach to deodorizing and ventilation not only improves the immediate cleanliness of restroom cabins but also contributes to their long-term maintenance and user comfort. Regular monitoring of ventilation systems and timely replacement of air filters ensures consistent air quality and odor control throughout the facility.

Post-cleaning Quality Control Checks


Post-cleaning Quality Control Checks for Steam Cleaned Restroom Cabins


After completing a thorough steam cleaning of restroom cabins, its crucial to perform comprehensive quality control checks to ensure the highest standards of cleanliness and hygiene. These final inspections are what separate professional cleaning services from mediocre ones.


A proper quality control check begins with a visual inspection under bright lighting. The inspector should examine all surfaces, paying special attention to corners, edges, and hard-to-reach areas where dirt typically accumulates. Mirrors and chrome fixtures should be free of streaks and water spots, while tile grout lines should appear clean and uniform in color.


The next step involves checking for proper sanitization. Using ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) testing devices can help verify that bacterial presence has been reduced to acceptable levels. This is particularly important for high-touch surfaces like door handles, flush buttons, and faucets.


Odor assessment is another crucial aspect. A properly steam-cleaned restroom should smell clean but not overwhelmingly of cleaning chemicals. Any lingering unpleasant odors could indicate missed areas or incomplete cleaning.


The final step involves checking all fixtures and amenities. Soap dispensers should be full and operational, toilet paper properly stocked, and all plumbing fixtures working correctly. Any maintenance issues discovered during the inspection should be documented and reported immediately.


Documentation of these quality control checks helps maintain consistency and provides accountability. Many cleaning services now use digital checklists and photo documentation to ensure their steam cleaning meets the required standards and client expectations.

Maintenance Schedule and Documentation


Maintenance Schedule and Documentation for Steam Cleaning Restroom Cabins


Maintaining a proper cleaning schedule and documenting all maintenance activities is crucial for ensuring restroom cabins remain hygienic and safe for users. An effective maintenance program involves both regular cleaning routines and detailed record-keeping.


The cleaning schedule should be divided into daily, weekly, and monthly tasks. Daily cleaning includes steam cleaning of high-touch surfaces, toilets, sinks, and floors. Weekly deep cleaning involves thorough steam sanitization of walls, ceilings, and ventilation systems. Monthly maintenance focuses on preventive measures and inspection of steam cleaning equipment.


Documentation plays a vital role in tracking cleaning activities and maintaining quality standards. Each cleaning session should be recorded in a logbook, noting the date, time, areas cleaned, cleaning methods used, and any issues encountered. This documentation helps identify patterns, ensures accountability, and provides evidence of regular maintenance for health inspections.


The maintenance staff should also maintain records of steam cleaner maintenance, including equipment calibration, repairs, and replacement of parts. These records help prevent equipment failures and ensure consistent cleaning quality. Additionally, maintaining before-and-after photographs can demonstrate the effectiveness of the steam cleaning process and identify areas needing special attention.


Regular review of maintenance records helps supervisors evaluate cleaning effectiveness, adjust schedules as needed, and train staff on proper steam cleaning techniques. This systematic approach to maintenance scheduling and documentation ensures that restroom cabins remain clean, sanitary, and well-maintained at all times.

Wellness has a selection of meanings, which have been made use of for different functions with time. As a whole, it refers to physical and emotional wellness, especially that connected with normal performance of the human body, missing of illness, pain (including psychological pain), or injury. Health and wellness can be advertised by urging healthy activities, such as routine exercise and appropriate sleep, and by decreasing or preventing unhealthful activities or circumstances, such as cigarette smoking or too much stress. Some factors influencing health are due to private options, such as whether to participate in a high-risk actions, while others are due to structural causes, such as whether the culture is prepared in a way that makes it simpler or harder for people to obtain needed health care solutions. Still, other variables are beyond both private and group choices, such as congenital diseases.

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A sash window with two sashes that can be adjusted to control airflows and temperatures

Ventilative cooling is the use of natural or mechanical ventilation to cool indoor spaces.[1] The use of outside air reduces the cooling load and the energy consumption of these systems, while maintaining high quality indoor conditions; passive ventilative cooling may eliminate energy consumption. Ventilative cooling strategies are applied in a wide range of buildings and may even be critical to realize renovated or new high efficient buildings and zero-energy buildings (ZEBs).[2] Ventilation is present in buildings mainly for air quality reasons. It can be used additionally to remove both excess heat gains, as well as increase the velocity of the air and thereby widen the thermal comfort range.[3] Ventilative cooling is assessed by long-term evaluation indices.[4] Ventilative cooling is dependent on the availability of appropriate external conditions and on the thermal physical characteristics of the building.

Background

[edit]

In the last years, overheating in buildings has been a challenge not only during the design stage but also during the operation. The reasons are:[5][6]

  • High performance energy standards which reduce heating demand in heating dominated climates. Mainly refer to increase of the insulation levels and restriction on infiltration rates
  • The occurrence of higher outdoor temperatures during the cooling season, because of the climate change and the heat island effect not considered at the design phase
  • Internal heat gains and occupancy behavior were not calculated with accuracy during the design phase (gap in performance).

In many post-occupancy comfort studies overheating is a frequently reported problem not only during the summer months but also during the transitions periods, also in temperate climates.

Potentials and limitations

[edit]

The effectiveness of ventilative cooling has been investigated by many researchers and has been documented in many post occupancy assessments reports.[7][8][9] The system cooling effectiveness (natural or mechanical ventilation) depends on the air flow rate that can be established, the thermal capacity of the construction and the heat transfer of the elements. During cold periods the cooling power of outdoor air is large. The risk of draughts is also important. During summer and transition months outdoor air cooling power might not be enough to compensate overheating indoors during daytime and application of ventilative cooling will be limited only during the night period. The night ventilation may remove effectively accumulated heat gains (internal and solar) during daytime in the building constructions.[10] For the assessment of the cooling potential of the location simplified methods have been developed.[11][12][13][14] These methods use mainly building characteristics information, comfort range indices and local climate data. In most of the simplified methods the thermal inertia is ignored.

The critical limitations for ventilative cooling are:

  • Impact of global warming
  • Impact of urban environment
  • Outdoor noise levels
  • Outdoor air pollution[15]
  • Pets and insects
  • Security issues
  • Locale limitations

Existing regulations

[edit]

Ventilative cooling requirements in regulations are complex. Energy performance calculations in many countries worldwide do not explicitly consider ventilative cooling. The available tools used for energy performance calculations are not suited to model the impact and effectiveness of ventilative cooling, especially through annual and monthly calculations.[16]

Case studies

[edit]

A large number of buildings using ventilative cooling strategies have already been built around the world.[17][18][19] Ventilative cooling can be found not only in traditional, pre-air-condition architecture, but also in temporary European and international low energy buildings. For these buildings passive strategies are priority. When passive strategies are not enough to achieve comfort, active strategies are applied. In most cases for the summer period and the transition months, automatically controlled natural ventilation is used. During the heating season, mechanical ventilation with heat recovery is used for indoor air quality reasons. Most of the buildings present high thermal mass. User behavior is crucial element for successful performance of the method.

Building components and control strategies

[edit]

Building components of ventilative cooling are applied on all three levels of climate-sensitive building design, i.e. site design, architectural design and technical interventions . A grouping of these components follows:[1][20]

  • Airflow guiding ventilation components (windows, rooflights, doors, dampers and grills, fans, flaps, louvres, special effect vents)
  • Airflow enhancing ventilation building components (chimneys, atria, venturi ventilators, wind catchers, wind towers and scoops, double facades, ventilated walls)
  • Passive cooling building components (convective components, evaporative components, phase change components)
  • Actuators (chain, linear, rotary)
  • Sensors (temperature, humidity, air flow, radiation, CO2, rain, wind)

Control strategies in ventilative cooling solutions have to control the magnitude and the direction, of air flows in space and time.[1] Effective control strategies ensure high indoor comfort levels and minimum energy consumption. Strategies in a lot of cases include temperature and CO2 monitoring.[21] In many buildings in which occupants had learned how to operate the systems, energy use reduction was achieved. Main control parameters are operative (air and radiant) temperature (both peak, actual or average), occupancy, carbon dioxide concentration and humidity levels.[21] Automation is more effective than personal control.[1] Manual control or manual override of automatic control are very important as it affects user acceptance and appreciation of the indoor climate positively (also cost).[22] The third option is that operation of facades is left to personal control of the inhabitants, but the building automation system gives active feedback and specific advises.

Existing methods and tools

[edit]

Building design is characterized by different detailed design levels. In order to support the decision-making process towards ventilative cooling solutions, airflow models with different resolution are used. Depending on the detail resolution required, airflow models can be grouped into two categories:[1]

  • Early stage modelling tools, which include empirical models, monozone model, bidimensional airflow network models;and
  • Detailed modelling tools, which include airflow network models, coupled BES-AFN models, zonal models, Computational Fluid Dynamic, coupled CFD-BES-AFN models.

Existing literature includes reviews of available methods for airflow modelling.[9][23][24][25][26][27][28]

IEA EBC Annex 62

[edit]

Annex 62 'ventilative cooling' was a research project of the Energy in Buildings and Communities Programme (EBC) of the International Energy Agency (IEA), with a four-year working phase (2014–2018).[29] The main goal was to make ventilative cooling an attractive and energy efficient cooling solution to avoid overheating of both new and renovated buildings. The results from the Annex facilitate better possibilities for prediction and estimation of heat removal and overheating risk – for both design purposes and for energy performance calculation. The documented performance of ventilative cooling systems through analysis of case studies aimed to promote the use of this technology in future high performance and conventional buildings.[30] To fulfill the main goal the Annex had the following targets for the research and development work:

  • To develop and evaluate suitable design methods and tools for prediction of cooling need, ventilative cooling performance and risk of overheating in buildings.
  • To develop guidelines for an energy-efficient reduction of the risk of overheating by ventilative cooling solutions and for design and operation of ventilative cooling in both residential and commercial buildings.
  • To develop guidelines for integration of ventilative cooling in energy performance calculation methods and regulations including specification and verification of key performance indicators.
  • To develop instructions for improvement of the ventilative cooling capacity of existing systems and for development of new ventilative cooling solutions including their control strategies.
  • To demonstrate the performance of ventilative cooling solutions through analysis and evaluation of well-documented case studies.

The Annex 62 research work was divided in three subtasks.

  • Subtask A "Methods and Tools" analyses, developed and evaluated suitable design methods and tools for prediction of cooling need, ventilative cooling performance and risk of overheating in buildings. The subtask also gave guidelines for integration of ventilative cooling in energy performance calculation methods and regulation including specification and verification of key performance indicators.
  • Subtask B "Solutions" investigated the cooling performance of existing mechanical, natural and hybrid ventilation systems and technologies and typical comfort control solutions as a starting point for extending the boundaries for their use. Based upon these investigations the subtask also developed recommendations for new kinds of flexible and reliable ventilative cooling solutions that create comfort under a wide range of climatic conditions.
  • Subtask C "Case studies" demonstrated the performance of ventilative cooling through analysis and evaluation of well-documented case studies.

See also

[edit]
  • Air conditioning
  • Architectural engineering
  • Glossary of HVAC
  • Green building
  • Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning
  • Indoor air quality
  • Infiltration (HVAC)
  • International Energy Agency Energy in Buildings and Communities Programme
  • Mechanical engineering
  • Mixed Mode Ventilation
  • Passive cooling
  • Room air distribution
  • Sick building syndrome
  • Sustainable refurbishment
  • Thermal comfort
  • Thermal mass
  • Venticool
  • Ventilation (architecture)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e P. Heiselberg, M. Kolokotroni. "Ventilative Cooling. State of the art review". Department of Civil Engineering. Aalborg University, Denmark. 2015
  2. ^ venticool, the international platform for ventilative cooling. “What is ventilative cooling?”. Retrieved June 2018
  3. ^ F. Nicol, M. Wilson. "An overview of the European Standard EN 15251". Proceedings of Conference: Adapting to Change: New Thinking on Comfort. Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, UK, 9–11 April 2010.
  4. ^ S. Carlucci, L. Pagliano. “A review of indices for the long-term evaluation of the general thermal comfort conditions in buildings”. Energy and Buildings 53:194-205 · October 2012
  5. ^ AECOM “Investigation of overheating in homes”. Department for Communities and Local Government, UK. ISBN 978-1-4098-3592-9. July 2012
  6. ^ NHBC Foundation. “Overheating in new homes. A review of the evidence”. ISBN 978-1-84806-306-8. 6 December 2012.
  7. ^ H. Awbi. “Ventilation Systems: Design and Performance”. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0419217008. 2008.
  8. ^ M. Santamouris, P. Wouters. “Building Ventilation: The State of the Art”. Routledge. ISBN 978-1844071302. 2006
  9. ^ a b F. Allard. “Natural Ventilation in Buildings: A Design Handbook”. Earthscan Publications Ltd. ISBN 978-1873936726. 1998
  10. ^ M. Santamouris, D. Kolokotsa. "Passive cooling dissipation techniques for buildings and other structures: The state of the art". Energy and Building 57: 74-94. 2013
  11. ^ C. Ghiaus. "Potential for free-cooling by ventilation". Solar Energy 80: 402-413. 2006
  12. ^ N. Artmann, P. Heiselberg. "Climatic potential for passive cooling of buildings by night-time ventilation in Europe". Applied Energy. 84 (2): 187-201. 2006
  13. ^ A. Belleri, T. Psomas, P. Heiselberg, Per. "Evaluation Tool of Climate Potential for Ventilative Cooling". 36th AIVC Conference " Effective ventilation in high performance buildings", Madrid, Spain, 23–24 September 2015. p 53-66. 2015
  14. ^ R. Yao, K. Steemers, N. Baker. "Strategic design and analysis method of natural ventilation for summer cooling". Build Serv Eng Res Technol. 26 (4). 2005
  15. ^ Belias, Evangelos; Licina, Dusan (2023). "Influence of outdoor air pollution on European residential ventilative cooling potential". Energy and Buildings. 289. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113044.
  16. ^ M. Kapsalaki, F.R. Carrié. "Overview of provisions for ventilative cooling within 8 European building energy performance regulations". venticool, the international platform for ventilative cooling. 2015.
  17. ^ P. Holzer, T. Psomas, P. O’Sullivan. "International ventilation cooling application database". CLIMA 2016 : Proceedings of the 12th REHVA World Congress, 22–25 May 2016, Aalborg, Denmark. 2016
  18. ^ venticool, the international platform for ventilative cooling. “Ventilative Cooling Application Database”. Retrieved June 2018
  19. ^ P. O’Sullivan, A. O’ Donovan. Ventilative Cooling Case Studies. Aalborg University, Denmark. 2018
  20. ^ P. Holzer, T.Psomas. Ventilative cooling sourcebook. Aalborg University, Denmark. 2018
  21. ^ a b P. Heiselberg (ed.). “Ventilative Cooling Design Guide”. Aalborg University, Denmark. 2018
  22. ^ R.G. de Dear, G.S. Brager. "Thermal Comfort in Naturally Ventilated Buildings: Revisions to ASHRAE Standard 55". Energy and Buildings. 34 (6).2002
  23. ^ M. Caciolo, D. Marchio, P. Stabat. "Survey of the existing approaches to assess and design natural ventilation and need for further developments" 11th International IBPSA Conference, Glasgow. 2009.
  24. ^ Q. Chen. “Ventilation performance prediction for buildings: A method overview and recent applications”. Building and Environment, 44(4), 848-858. 2009
  25. ^ A. Delsante, T. A. Vik. "Hybrid ventilation - State of the art review," IEA-ECBCS Annex 35. 1998.
  26. ^ J. Zhai, M. Krarti, M.H Johnson. "Assess and implement natural and hybrid ventilation models in whole-building energy simulations," Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, ASHRAE TRP-1456. 2010.
  27. ^ A. Foucquier, S. Robert, F. Suard, L. Stéphan, A. Jay. "State of the art in building modelling and energy performances prediction: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 23. pp. 272-288. 2013.
  28. ^ J. Hensen "Integrated building airflow simulation". Advanced Building Simulation. pp. 87-118. Taylor & Francis. 2004
  29. ^ International Energy Agency’s Energy in Buildings and Communities Programme, "EBC Annex 62 Ventilative Cooling Archived 2016-03-17 at the Wayback Machine", Retrieved June 2018
  30. ^ venticool, the international platform for ventilative cooling. “About Annex 62”. Retrieved June 2018

A bathroom is an item of sanitary equipment that accumulates human waste (pee and feces) and in some cases bathroom tissue, usually for disposal. Flush commodes make use of water, while dry or non-flush toilets do not. They can be developed for a sitting placement preferred in Europe and The United States And Canada with a toilet seat, with extra considerations for those with disabilities, or for a crouching pose more prominent in Asia, called a squat bathroom. In urban areas, flush bathrooms are normally attached to a drain system; in isolated locations, to a sewage-disposal tank. The waste is referred to as blackwater and the consolidated effluent, consisting of various other sources, is sewer. Dry bathrooms are connected to a pit, detachable container, composting chamber, or other storage and therapy gadget, including pee diversion with a urine-diverting commode. "Bathroom" or "commodes" is also extensively used for rooms containing only one or even more toilets and hand-basins. Bathroom is an older word for toilet. The modern technology utilized for modern toilets varies. Bathrooms are frequently constructed from ceramic (porcelain), concrete, plastic, or timber. Newer bathroom technologies consist of dual flushing, low flushing, toilet seat warming, self-cleaning, female rest rooms and waterless urinals. Japan is understood for its commode innovation. Aircraft commodes are specifically created to operate in the air. The need to keep rectal hygiene post-defecation is globally acknowledged and bathroom tissue (commonly held by a commode roll owner), which might likewise be utilized to clean the vulva after urination, is widely used (as well as bidets). Secretive homes, depending on the area and style, the commode might exist in the very same bathroom as the sink, tub, and shower. An additional option is to have one room for body washing (also called "washroom") and a different one for the toilet and handwashing sink (toilet room). Public commodes (bathrooms) contain several toilets (and frequently single rest rooms or trough urinals) which are available for use by the public. Products like urinal blocks and toilet obstructs aid maintain the odor and tidiness of bathrooms. Toilet seat covers are often used. Portable toilets (often chemical "porta johns") may be generated for large and temporary events. Historically, sanitation has been a worry from the earliest phases of human settlements. Nevertheless, numerous bad houses in creating nations utilize really basic, and typically unclean, bathrooms –-- and virtually one billion individuals have no access to a toilet in all; they should honestly defecate and urinate. These issues can result in the spread of conditions sent via the fecal-oral path, or the transmission of waterborne conditions such as cholera and dysentery. As a result, the United Nations Sustainable Advancement Goal 6 intends to "accomplish access to appropriate and fair sanitation and health for all and end open defecation".

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